This lecture offers a comprehensive overview of IHRL and IHL, outlining the frameworks that safeguard human rights during peace and conflict. It clarifies how IHRL operates continuously to protect individuals from abuses, primarily by their own governments, while IHL comes into effect during armed conflicts, focusing on the protection of non-combatants and regulating the conduct of hostilities. The session examines the core principles, pivotal treaties, and enforcement mechanisms of both domains. It emphasizes their shared commitment to preserving human dignity and explains how they function independently and together to uphold fundamental rights in varying circumstances.