This video sheds light on the principle of distinction in IHL, a cornerstone ensuring the protection of civilians and civilian objects in armed conflicts. It breaks down the legal framework set by the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, emphasizing the necessity to differentiate between civilian and military targets. Key historical milestones, definitions of military objectives, and the concept of ‘definite military advantage’ are discussed to clarify the criteria for lawful targeting. The lecture also critically examines contemporary challenges and debates, such as the targeting of financial assets and infrastructure, highlighting the ongoing effort to balance military necessity with humanitarian considerations.